![]() The defence of Vienna was entrusted to some 16,000 troops, including citizens with no military training who were encouraged to fight by Johann Andreas von Liebenberg, Mayor of Vienna. Vatican Museums: 1883 painting by Jean Matejko depicting the surrender of the Ottomans to John III Sobieski, King of Poland the painting shows also Marco d'Aviano, a Capuchin friar and papal envoy He would have been in great difficulties in moving further west or north. Even though Kara Mustafà had managed to assemble anĪrmy of 200,000 his communication lines were so long that, had he taken Vienna, Its fall would not have meant the end of the empire and as a matter of fact Emperor Leopold I chose to retreat with the court In 1683 Vienna was not for the Habsburgs, what Constantinople had been for the last Byzantine emperor in 1453. Kara Mustafà was able to advance on Vienna only in late June 1683 and to put the city under siege in July. For this reason Pope Innocent XI made an appeal for a joint effort to repel the new threat: he managed to secure men and money from Spain and Portugal, as well as from Poland and many Catholic German princes. That event had raised fears of a renewed attempt to conquer In 1669 after a siege which had lasted more than twenty years, the city ofĬandia (Iraklion) fell into Ottoman hands: as a matter ofįact the very long siege had showed the weaknesses, rather than the strengths of the Sultan's army, but nevertheless (left) Stone fired by the Turks on Jfrom the northern outskirts of Vienna in the very heart of the city (Sterngasse 3) (right) details of the decoration of the Lower Belvedere (above) and of the Hofburg (below) Winter, campaigns were carried out between April and September, so Kara Mustafà plans had to be postponed to 1683. However did not foresee waging war in winter because of the partly feudal nature of the army and because of the extremely poor road conditions during ![]() The military structure of the Ottoman Empire What Suleiman the Magnificent could not in 1529. Kara Mustafà Bassa (Pasha), the Grand Vizier leading the Ottoman army, thought the time had come to take Vienna and thus achieve Sopron/Oldenburg) of Royal Hungary, the part of the country belonging to the Habsburgs, fell into the hands of the rebels and their Ottoman allies. France, at that time at war with the Habsburgs, acted behind the scenes to supportīorder skirmishing escalated to a full-scale war and towns (e.g. Sought Ottoman help in establishing an independent Hungarian kingdom under the In 1682 some Hungarian noblemen who nourished some strong anti-Habsburg, anti-Catholic sentiments You may wish to read an introduction to the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nations first. (Emperor Joseph II portrayed as Infant Hercules - 1806 Monument in Josefsplatz by Franz Anton Zauner)
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